you know, this may reflect more on me being a shitty resident, but I would say there are very few physical exam findings I would actually hang a diagnosis on. For example for CHF - you might hear some crackles in the lungs, but I would also look for peripheral edema (way easier to reproduce) or pretend to look at JVP.
Ultimately there are further investigations that you would use in practice: CXR (for PNA and CHF), BNP, hyponatremia, bedside ultrasound etc.
And for obs, I don't think I've ever checked for cervical dilation lol.